Finding Housing as an Expat in Papua New Guinea

1. What are the most popular neighborhoods for expats to live in Papua New Guinea?

Some of the most popular neighborhoods for expats to live in Papua New Guinea include:

1. Erima: Located in the capital city of Port Moresby, Erima is a residential suburb known for its secure and convenient location. It offers a mix of housing options, including apartments and standalone houses, making it a popular choice for expats.

2. Town: Another sought-after neighborhood in Port Moresby is Town, which is in close proximity to the central business district, embassies, and international schools. Expats living in Town can enjoy easy access to amenities such as supermarkets, restaurants, and recreational facilities.

3. Boroko: Boroko is a suburban area in Port Moresby that is favored by expats for its peaceful and family-friendly environment. It boasts a range of housing choices, from modern apartments to spacious villas, as well as proximity to schools, hospitals, and shopping centers.

4. East Boroko: East Boroko is a slightly more upscale neighborhood that offers luxury housing options for expats seeking a higher standard of living. The area is known for its leafy surroundings, well-maintained properties, and exclusive gated communities.

5. Waigani: Waigani is a popular neighborhood for expats working in government institutions or the university sector due to its close proximity to government offices and the University of Papua New Guinea. It offers a mix of residential properties, along with convenient access to amenities and public transport options.

These neighborhoods are favored by expats for their safety, proximity to amenities, and quality of housing options, making them ideal choices for those relocating to Papua New Guinea.

2. How can expats find accommodation in Papua New Guinea?

Expats looking for accommodation in Papua New Guinea have several options to consider:

1. Engage a real estate agent: Working with a trusted local real estate agent can be a helpful way to find suitable accommodation. These agents are familiar with the local housing market and can help expats navigate the process of finding and securing a rental property or purchasing a home.

2. Online resources: There are various online platforms where expats can search for available housing options in Papua New Guinea. Websites like Hausples, PNG Today, and local classifieds can provide listings for both rental and sale properties.

3. Networking: Expats can also tap into their network of contacts in Papua New Guinea or through expat communities to seek recommendations for housing options. Word-of-mouth referrals can sometimes lead to finding hidden gems that may not be advertised publicly.

4. Corporate housing: Some companies may offer corporate housing options for expat employees. This can be a convenient and hassle-free way to secure accommodation upon arrival in Papua New Guinea.

5. Short-term rentals: For expats who are unsure about their long-term housing needs, opting for a short-term rental or serviced apartment can be a good interim solution while they familiarize themselves with the local property market and neighborhoods.

Overall, flexibility, thorough research, and taking advice from local experts are key elements to successfully finding suitable accommodation as an expat in Papua New Guinea.

3. What are the average rental prices for housing in Papua New Guinea?

The average rental prices for housing in Papua New Guinea can vary significantly depending on the location and type of accommodation. In urban areas like Port Moresby, the capital city, expats can expect to pay high rental prices compared to more rural areas. As a rough estimate, a furnished two-bedroom apartment in a desirable area of Port Moresby can cost between 3,000 to 5,000 PGK per month. It’s important to note that rental prices are generally quoted in local currency, Papua New Guinean Kina (PGK). Additionally, other costs such as utilities, security deposits, and agency fees should also be taken into consideration when budgeting for housing expenses as an expat in Papua New Guinea.

4. Are there specific rental regulations and requirements for expats in Papua New Guinea?

1. As an expat looking for housing in Papua New Guinea, there are specific rental regulations and requirements that you should be aware of. Firstly, it is common practice for landlords to request a security deposit, usually equivalent to one or two months’ rent, which will be refundable upon the termination of the lease if the property is left in good condition.

2. Additionally, landlords may require references or a letter of employment from your employer to ensure your ability to pay the rent. It’s important to note that rental agreements are typically written in English, but it’s advisable to have them reviewed by a legal professional to ensure you understand all terms and conditions.

3. In terms of regulations, there are no specific laws that differentiate between expats and locals when it comes to renting property in Papua New Guinea. However, it’s essential to familiarize yourself with the Tenancy Act of Papua New Guinea, which outlines the rights and responsibilities of both tenants and landlords.

4. Overall, while there may not be explicit regulations or requirements solely for expats renting in Papua New Guinea, it is crucial to thoroughly review any rental agreements, understand the terms, and ensure compliance with local laws to have a smooth and secure housing experience in the country.

5. Is it common for expats to buy property in Papua New Guinea?

1. Yes, it is not very common for expats to buy property in Papua New Guinea. Due to the complex regulations and restrictions on land ownership in the country, it can be very challenging for foreigners to purchase real estate. Additionally, the high level of crime and security concerns in certain areas also deter expats from investing in property.

2. Most expats in Papua New Guinea prefer to rent accommodation rather than buy, as it offers them more flexibility and less risk. Renting provides expats with the freedom to move around if needed without the financial commitment and potential challenges of owning property in a foreign country.

3. For those expats who do decide to buy property in Papua New Guinea, it is essential to work with a reputable real estate agent who has experience dealing with foreign buyers and navigating the local regulations. It is also advisable to seek legal advice and conduct thorough due diligence before making any property purchase.

4. Overall, while some expats may explore the option of buying property in Papua New Guinea, the majority tend to opt for renting due to the complexities and challenges associated with property ownership in the country.

5. In conclusion, expats buying property in Papua New Guinea is not common, with most preferring to rent due to the challenges and restrictions related to land ownership. Renting offers expats more flexibility and less risk, making it a popular choice among the expat community in the country.

6. What are the best resources for expats to search for housing in Papua New Guinea?

When searching for housing in Papua New Guinea as an expat, it is important to utilize various resources to find the best accommodation options. Here are some of the best resources to assist expats in their housing search in Papua New Guinea:

1. Real Estate Agencies: Engaging with local real estate agencies can be a reliable way to access a range of properties suitable for expats, as these agencies often have a good understanding of the housing market and available properties.

2. Online Property Portals: Websites like Hausples, PNG Properties, and PropertyExpo provide listings of available properties in Papua New Guinea, allowing expats to search for housing based on their preferences and budget from anywhere in the world.

3. Local Newspapers: Newspapers like The National and Post Courier often have property listings, making them a traditional yet effective resource for expats looking for housing options in Papua New Guinea.

4. Networking: Utilizing expat forums, social media groups, and networking events can help expats connect with other individuals who may know about available housing options or provide recommendations based on their own experiences.

5. Employer Assistance: Some companies that relocate employees to Papua New Guinea may offer housing assistance as part of the relocation package, so it is advisable for expats to inquire with their employer about available support.

6. Local Contacts: Building relationships with locals or other expats living in Papua New Guinea can also be a valuable resource for finding housing, as they may have insights into the local property market and be able to provide recommendations based on personal experiences.

7. What factors should expats consider when choosing a neighborhood to live in Papua New Guinea?

When expats are choosing a neighborhood to live in Papua New Guinea, there are several factors they should consider:

1. Safety and Security: Safety should be a top priority when selecting a neighborhood. Expats should research the crime rates in different areas and choose a neighborhood with a low crime rate and a reputation for being safe.

2. Proximity to Work and Amenities: Consider the location of your workplace and the proximity to essential amenities such as grocery stores, hospitals, schools, and recreational facilities. A neighborhood that is close to these amenities can make daily life more convenient.

3. Housing Options: Different neighborhoods offer varying types of housing, from apartments to standalone houses. Expats should consider their preferences and budget when choosing a neighborhood based on the available housing options.

4. Cultural and Social Environment: Papua New Guinea is a diverse country with various cultural influences. Expats may want to choose a neighborhood that aligns with their lifestyle preferences and offers opportunities to engage with the local culture.

5. Infrastructure and Services: Check the availability of reliable utilities such as water and electricity, as well as access to public transportation in the neighborhood. Good infrastructure can make a significant difference in the quality of life for expats.

6. Expatriate Community: Some expats may prefer to live in areas where there is a significant expatriate community for social support and networking opportunities. Researching the presence of expat communities in different neighborhoods can help expats make their decision.

7. Rent and Cost of Living: Finally, consider the affordability of housing in different neighborhoods and how it aligns with your budget. Take into account the cost of living in the area, including expenses like groceries, transportation, and entertainment, to ensure that the neighborhood is financially sustainable for you as an expat.

8. Are there any specific safety considerations for expats when looking for housing in Papua New Guinea?

When looking for housing in Papua New Guinea as an expat, safety should be a top priority due to the country’s high crime rates and potential security risks. Here are some specific safety considerations to keep in mind:

1. Location: Choose a housing location that is in a secure and well-guarded area. Gated communities or compounds with security guards can provide an added layer of protection.

2. Secure Accommodation: Ensure that the housing you choose has proper security measures in place such as secure locks, alarm systems, and secure windows and doors.

3. Background Check: It is advisable to conduct background checks on the landlord or property management to ensure they are reputable and trustworthy.

4. Local Knowledge: It is beneficial to seek advice from other expats or local contacts about safe neighborhoods and housing options.

5. Secure Transportation: Consider proximity to reliable transportation options and ensure that you can safely travel to and from your accommodation.

6. Emergency Contacts: Keep a list of emergency contacts handy, including local authorities, your country’s embassy, and trusted contacts in case of any security incidents.

7. Insurance: Consider getting comprehensive insurance coverage for your belongings and personal safety in case of theft, natural disasters, or other unforeseen circumstances.

8. Cultural Awareness: Familiarize yourself with the local customs and traditions to avoid inadvertently putting yourself in risky situations.

By being vigilant, conducting thorough research, and taking necessary precautions, expats can find secure and safe housing options in Papua New Guinea.

9. What are the typical lease terms for rental properties in Papua New Guinea?

In Papua New Guinea, the typical lease terms for rental properties can vary depending on the specific agreement between the landlord and tenant. However, here are some general guidelines that may apply:

1. Length of Lease: Most rental agreements in Papua New Guinea are set for a minimum of 6 to 12 months. Some landlords may offer shorter-term leases, but longer leases are more common.

2. Rental Payment Frequency: Rent is usually paid on a monthly basis in Papua New Guinea. Some landlords may require quarterly or bi-annual payments, especially for long-term leases.

3. Security Deposit: Landlords typically require a security deposit equivalent to one or two months’ rent. This deposit is refundable at the end of the lease term, subject to any deductions for damages or outstanding rent.

4. Rent Increase: Rent increases are usually stipulated in the lease agreement and are commonly tied to the consumer price index or set percentage. Landlords are required to provide tenants with proper notice before implementing any rent increases.

5. Termination Notice: Both landlords and tenants are required to give notice before terminating a lease agreement. The standard notice period is usually one month, but this can vary depending on the terms of the lease.

6. Maintenance Responsibilities: The lease agreement should outline the responsibilities of both the landlord and tenant regarding property maintenance and repairs. Generally, landlords are responsible for major repairs, while tenants are expected to maintain the property in a good condition.

7. Utilities: In most cases, tenants are responsible for paying utilities such as water, electricity, and gas. However, some rental properties may include certain utilities in the rent – this should be specified in the lease agreement.

8. Subletting: Subletting is not common in Papua New Guinea and is generally not allowed without the landlord’s written consent.

It is important for expats looking for rental properties in Papua New Guinea to carefully review and understand the lease terms before signing any agreement to ensure a smooth and stress-free renting experience.

10. Are there any cultural norms or etiquettes to be aware of when renting housing as an expat in Papua New Guinea?

When renting housing as an expat in Papua New Guinea, it is important to be aware of certain cultural norms and etiquettes to ensure a smooth experience. Here are some key points to consider:

1. Respect for elders: In Papua New Guinean culture, elders hold a position of respect and authority. When dealing with landlords or property owners, it is important to show deference and respect towards them.

2. Building relationships: Building personal relationships and establishing trust is crucial in Papua New Guinean society. Taking the time to get to know your potential landlord and showing genuine interest in their well-being can go a long way in securing housing.

3. Negotiation style: The style of negotiation in Papua New Guinea tends to be more indirect and relationship-based compared to Western cultures. Patience and flexibility in negotiations are key, as well as being mindful of the importance of maintaining harmony in discussions.

4. Understanding community dynamics: In Papua New Guinea, community ties and relationships play a significant role in daily life. Being respectful of your neighbors and actively participating in community activities can help integrate you into your new living environment.

5. Gift-giving: Offering small gifts or tokens of appreciation to your landlord or neighbors can be a gesture of goodwill and can help strengthen relationships. It is seen as a sign of respect and gratitude in Papua New Guinean culture.

By being mindful of these cultural norms and etiquettes when renting housing as an expat in Papua New Guinea, you can navigate the process more effectively and create positive relationships within your new community.

11. How can expats navigate the language barrier when communicating with landlords or real estate agents in Papua New Guinea?

Navigating the language barrier when communicating with landlords or real estate agents in Papua New Guinea can be challenging for expats. To address this issue, expats can consider the following strategies:

1. Hire a Translator: Engaging the services of a local translator can help bridge the communication gap between expats and landlords/real estate agents. A translator can assist in accurately conveying messages and ensuring that both parties understand each other effectively.

2. Learn Basic Phrases: Expats can also make an effort to learn basic phrases in the local language, Tok Pisin, to facilitate communication. Even a simple greeting or key housing-related terms can go a long way in establishing rapport and demonstrating respect for the local culture.

3. Utilize Technology: Leveraging translation apps or online tools can aid in translating written communications or facilitating conversations in real-time. This can be particularly helpful in clarifying important information related to rental agreements or property specifications.

4. Seek Bilingual Support: Explore the option of seeking assistance from bilingual individuals, such as colleagues, friends, or community members, who can help interpret during discussions with landlords or real estate agents. Having a local advocate can enhance understanding and prevent misunderstandings.

5. Ask for Clarifications: Don’t hesitate to request clarifications or repetitions if something is unclear during conversations. It’s essential to ensure that both parties are on the same page regarding rental terms, property features, and any other relevant details.

By employing these strategies, expats can better navigate the language barrier when engaging with landlords or real estate agents in Papua New Guinea, ultimately facilitating a smoother housing search process.

12. Are there any options for short-term or temporary housing for expats in Papua New Guinea?

Yes, there are options for short-term or temporary housing for expats in Papua New Guinea. Some common options include:

1. Guesthouses: Guesthouses are a popular choice for expats looking for short-term accommodation in Papua New Guinea. They offer comfortable rooms with basic amenities and are usually located in convenient locations.

2. Serviced apartments: Serviced apartments are another option for expats in need of temporary housing. These apartments come fully furnished and equipped with kitchen facilities, making them a convenient choice for those looking for a home away from home.

3. Corporate housing: Some companies operating in Papua New Guinea provide corporate housing for their expat employees. These accommodations are typically fully furnished and include amenities such as cleaning services, internet, and utilities.

4. Airbnb: Airbnb is a global platform that offers short-term rental properties, including apartments, houses, and villas, in Papua New Guinea. Expats can explore various options on the platform and book accommodation based on their preferences and budget.

Overall, expats in Papua New Guinea have a range of options for short-term or temporary housing, depending on their needs and budget. It is advisable to research and compare different options to find the most suitable accommodation during their stay in the country.

13. What are the preferred methods of payment for rent in Papua New Guinea?

In Papua New Guinea, the preferred methods of payment for rent typically depend on the landlord or property management company. Here are some common methods of payment for rent in Papua New Guinea:

1. Bank Transfer: Many landlords prefer rental payments to be made through bank transfers. This method allows for a secure and convenient way of transferring funds directly into the landlord’s account.

2. Cash Payments: In some cases, landlords may also accept cash payments for rent. However, this method is less common due to security concerns and the risk of mishandling cash.

3. Cheque Payments: Some landlords may also accept rent payments in the form of cheques. This method provides a paper trail of the transaction and can be a convenient option for both parties.

4. Mobile Money: With the rise of mobile banking services in Papua New Guinea, some landlords may accept rental payments through mobile money platforms. This method is convenient for tenants who prefer digital transactions.

It is important to communicate with your landlord or property manager to understand their preferred method of payment and to ensure a smooth and hassle-free rent payment process.

14. Are there any particular amenities or features that expats should look for in housing in Papua New Guinea?

1. Security is a top priority for expats looking for housing in Papua New Guinea. Gated communities or compounds with 24/7 security personnel, surveillance cameras, and secure perimeter fencing are highly recommended to ensure safety and peace of mind.

2. Access to basic services such as reliable water and electricity supply is crucial. In some parts of Papua New Guinea, power outages and water shortages can be common, so expats should look for accommodation with backup generators and water storage facilities.

3. Proximity to amenities such as supermarkets, schools, hospitals, and recreational facilities is important for convenience and quality of life. Expats may want to consider housing options located near key services to facilitate daily living.

4. Climate control features such as air conditioning or proper ventilation are essential in the tropical climate of Papua New Guinea. Expats should ensure that their housing has effective cooling solutions to stay comfortable.

5. Reliable internet connectivity is becoming increasingly important for expats in Papua New Guinea, especially for those who need to work remotely. Checking the availability of high-speed internet providers in the area is advisable when selecting housing.

Overall, expats should prioritize security, basic services, proximity to amenities, climate control, and internet connectivity when looking for housing in Papua New Guinea to ensure a comfortable and convenient living experience.

15. How does the process of securing housing as an expat differ from that for local residents in Papua New Guinea?

Securing housing as an expat in Papua New Guinea differs from that for local residents in several key ways:

1. Availability and Options: Expats often have different housing requirements compared to local residents, such as the need for fully furnished accommodations or security features. As a result, they may have access to a different selection of properties, which might cater more to these specific needs.

2. Legal and Administrative Procedures: Expats might encounter additional legal and administrative procedures when securing housing, such as obtaining the necessary permits or complying with visa requirements. Local residents may not face the same level of scrutiny or documentation in the process.

3. Cost: Housing options for expats in Papua New Guinea can be more expensive compared to what local residents pay. This is often due to the higher standard of living and the amenities expected by expatriates.

4. Location Preferences: Expats may have different preferences when it comes to the location of their housing, such as proximity to international schools, embassies, or expat communities. This might influence their choices and options differently from those of local residents.

Overall, while the basic process of securing housing involves finding a suitable property, negotiating terms, and signing a lease or purchase agreement, expats in Papua New Guinea may encounter unique challenges and considerations that differ from those faced by local residents.

16. Are there any specific visa requirements related to accommodation for expats in Papua New Guinea?

1. In Papua New Guinea, there are no specific visa requirements related to accommodation for expats. However, it is important for expats to have a valid visa that permits them to reside in the country legally. Generally, expatriates in Papua New Guinea obtain either a business visa or a work permit to stay in the country for an extended period.

2. When looking for housing as an expat in Papua New Guinea, it is advisable to ensure that the accommodation meets the security standards required for your safety. Gated compounds or secure apartment buildings may be preferable options to consider due to security concerns in certain areas of the country.

3. Rental prices in Papua New Guinea, especially in the capital city of Port Moresby, can be high due to the limited availability of quality housing. Expats should be prepared to allocate a significant portion of their budget towards accommodation expenses.

4. It is recommended for expats to engage the services of a reputable real estate agent or housing service provider who is familiar with the local rental market and can assist in finding suitable accommodation options that meet the expat’s needs and preferences.

5. Additionally, expats should consider the location of their accommodation in relation to their workplace, schools for children, and other amenities to ensure convenience and ease of access to essential services.

6. Overall, while there are no specific visa requirements related to accommodation for expats in Papua New Guinea, it is essential for expatriates to plan and secure suitable housing that meets their needs and budget constraints while adhering to local safety and security considerations.

17. What are the common pitfalls or challenges expats face when looking for housing in Papua New Guinea?

When looking for housing in Papua New Guinea as an expat, there are several common pitfalls and challenges that you may encounter:

1. Limited Availability: Housing options for expats in Papua New Guinea may be limited, especially in popular expat neighborhoods or specific areas within major cities like Port Moresby and Lae.

2. High Rental Costs: Rental prices in Papua New Guinea can be quite high, particularly in desirable expat-friendly areas, making it challenging for expats to find affordable accommodation that meets their needs and budget.

3. Security Concerns: Papua New Guinea has a reputation for having high crime rates, which can affect the safety and security of expats living in certain areas. It is important to consider security measures and choose a housing option that provides adequate protection.

4. Lack of Infrastructure: Some housing options in Papua New Guinea may lack basic infrastructure amenities such as reliable electricity, water supply, and internet connectivity, which can pose challenges for expats accustomed to modern conveniences.

5. Cultural Differences: Expats may face challenges in understanding and adapting to the local culture and customs when searching for housing, which can impact their ability to find suitable accommodation that aligns with their preferences and lifestyle.

6. Language Barriers: Language can be a barrier when communicating with landlords, real estate agents, or property managers, especially if they do not speak English fluently. This can lead to misunderstandings and difficulties in negotiating rental agreements.

7. Unpredictable Market: The housing market in Papua New Guinea can be unpredictable, with fluctuations in rental prices and availability. Expats may struggle to find stable long-term housing options due to these market dynamics.

8. Legal Restrictions: Some areas in Papua New Guinea may have restrictions on expat ownership of property, which can limit housing options for expats looking to purchase a home or invest in real estate.

Navigating these challenges requires careful research, working with reputable real estate agents, seeking advice from expat communities, and remaining flexible in your housing expectations and preferences.

18. Are there any reputable real estate agencies that specialize in serving expats in Papua New Guinea?

Yes, there are reputable real estate agencies in Papua New Guinea that specialize in serving expats. Some of the well-known real estate agencies that cater to the expat community in Papua New Guinea include:

1. Pacific Palms Property: This agency has a strong presence in the expat market and offers a range of properties that cater to the needs of expats living in Papua New Guinea.

2. Sth Pacific Real Estate: Another reputable agency that specializes in assisting expats in finding suitable housing options in Papua New Guinea.

3. Hausples: This is a popular online platform that connects expats with real estate agents and property listings in Papua New Guinea.

These real estate agencies have a good understanding of the specific requirements of expats in terms of housing, amenities, and security, making them a valuable resource for finding accommodation in Papua New Guinea.

19. How can expats protect themselves from scams or fraud when searching for housing in Papua New Guinea?

When searching for housing in Papua New Guinea as an expat, it is crucial to protect yourself from potential scams or fraud. Here are some important tips to safeguard against such risks:

1. Work with reputable agents or landlords: Deal with established and credible real estate agents or landlords who have a proven track record of providing legitimate services.

2. Verify ownership: Request to see proof of ownership, such as property titles or documents, before entering into any rental or purchase agreements.

3. Visit the property in person: Always conduct a physical inspection of the property before making any payments or signing any contracts. This will help you verify the authenticity of the listing.

4. Do thorough research: Research the average rental prices in the area to ensure you are not being overcharged. Be wary of deals that seem too good to be true.

5. Check rental agreements: Carefully read and understand all terms and conditions in the rental agreement to avoid any hidden clauses that could lead to disputes or financial losses.

6. Beware of upfront payments: Be cautious of landlords or agents who demand large upfront payments before showing you the property or finalizing the deal. This is a common red flag for potential scams.

7. Use secure payment methods: When making any payments, opt for secure methods such as bank transfers or reputable online platforms to track and verify transactions.

8. Ask for references: Request references from previous tenants or expats who have rented the property to ensure they had a positive and legitimate experience.

9. Consult with local expat communities: Reach out to fellow expats or expat communities in Papua New Guinea for recommendations or advice on finding housing without falling victim to scams.

By following these precautionary measures and remaining vigilant throughout the housing search process, expats can significantly reduce the risks of encountering scams or fraud in Papua New Guinea.

20. What advice do you have for expats on adapting to the housing market and lifestyle in Papua New Guinea?

Adapting to the housing market and lifestyle in Papua New Guinea can be challenging for expats, but with the right approach, it can also be a rewarding experience. Here are some key pieces of advice to help expats navigate the housing market and lifestyle in Papua New Guinea:

1. Understand the local market: Take the time to research the housing market in the specific area where you plan to live. Prices can vary significantly between regions, so it’s essential to have a good understanding of what to expect in terms of rental costs, amenities, and available housing options.

2. Seek local advice: It’s always helpful to seek advice from locals or expats who have already been living in Papua New Guinea for some time. They can provide valuable insights into the best neighborhoods to live in, reputable real estate agents, and potential pitfalls to avoid.

3. Consider security: Security is a significant concern in Papua New Guinea, so make sure to prioritize safety when choosing a place to live. Gated communities or compounds with security guards are popular options for expats looking for added peace of mind.

4. Embrace the local lifestyle: Papua New Guinea has a unique and diverse culture, so be open to embracing the local lifestyle and customs. Building strong relationships with your neighbors and getting involved in community activities can help you feel more at home in your new environment.

5. Be flexible: The housing market in Papua New Guinea can be competitive, so be prepared to be flexible with your preferences and expectations. It may take some time to find the perfect place to live, but being open-minded and adaptable can help streamline the process.

By following these tips and approaching the housing market in Papua New Guinea with an open mind, expats can successfully adapt to their new surroundings and enjoy a fulfilling experience living in this vibrant country.